Class IX Lesson 8 ( Programming technique Q/A) English medium

 LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What is a flowchart? Explain different symbols in a flowchart.
Ans:- A flowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm or a process using different symbols and arrows to indicate the flow of execution. It helps in understanding the logic of a program and serves as a tool for designing and analyzing complex processes.

Different symbols used in a flowchart:

• Terminator Symbol (Oval): Represents the start and end of a flowchart.
• Process Symbol (Rectangle): Represents a process, operation, or action to be performed.
• Decision Symbol (Diamond): Used to represent decision-making conditions with Yes/No or True/False outcomes.
• Input/Output Symbol (Parallelogram): Represents input (user data entry) and output (result display).
• Connector Symbol (Circle): Used to connect different parts of a flowchart when it continues to another location.
• Arrow Lines: Indicate the flow direction of the process.

Flowcharts are widely used for planning, troubleshooting, and documenting processes. They make complex algorithms easy to understand and help in debugging errors efficiently.

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2. What is pseudo code and algorithm?
Ans:- An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or set of instructions to solve a problem systematically. It consists of well-defined operations and follows a specific order to reach a solution. Algorithms are the foundation of programming and can be written in simple English or mathematical notation.

A pseudo code is a simplified, human-readable representation of an algorithm that resembles programming language syntax but does not follow strict coding rules. It serves as a bridge between the algorithm and actual code, helping programmers plan their logic before implementation.

Example:
Algorithm to add two numbers:

1. Start
2. Read two numbers A and B
3. Compute Sum = A + B
4. Print Sum
5. Stop

Pseudo code:

BEGIN

    INPUT A, B
    SUM = A + B
    PRINT SUM
END

Pseudo code improves clarity and helps developers convert logic into actual programming language efficiently.

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3. What is top-down and bottom-up approach? Explain.
Ans:- Top-down and bottom-up are two common approaches to problem-solving and program design.

• Top-down approach:

  • Starts with a broad, general overview of the system.
  • Breaks the problem into smaller sub-problems (modules).
  • Each module is further divided until the smallest task is achieved.
  • Example: Writing the main function first and then defining sub-functions.

• Bottom-up approach:

  • Begins with solving the most basic or lowest-level tasks first.
  • Small functions/modules are created first and then integrated to form the complete system.
  • Example: Creating helper functions first and then integrating them into the main function.

Both approaches are used in software development depending on the problem complexity and project requirements.

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4. What is testing and debugging?
Ans:- Testing and debugging are essential steps in software development to ensure error-free programs.

• Testing:

  • The process of executing a program with different test cases to check correctness.
  • Identifies bugs and performance issues.
  • Types include unit testing, integration testing, and system testing.

• Debugging:

  • The process of finding and fixing errors or bugs in the program.
  • Involves analyzing code, identifying errors, and modifying the program to remove issues.
  • Uses debugging tools and techniques like breakpoints, print statements, and IDE debuggers.

Both processes help in delivering reliable and efficient software.

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5. What is a decision table?
Ans:- A decision table is a structured way of representing logical conditions and their corresponding actions in a tabular form. It is used for decision-making processes in programming and business rules.

Components of a decision table:

1. Condition Stubs: List of all possible conditions.
2. Action Stubs: Possible actions that can be taken.
3. Condition Entries: Different conditions (Yes/No or True/False).
4. Action Entries: The result or action for each condition combination.

Example:

Condition	A > 10	B < 5	Action
Case 1	Yes	Yes	Print "Valid"
Case 2	Yes	No	Print "Invalid"
Case 3	No	Any	Print "Error"

Decision tables simplify complex logic and help in structured programming.

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6. What do you mean by a programming language? Explain two types.
Ans:- A programming language is a formal set of instructions used to communicate with computers to perform specific tasks. It consists of syntax and rules to write programs efficiently.

Types of programming languages:

1. Low-Level Language:

   • Machine-level (binary code) and Assembly-level (mnemonics).
   • Directly interacts with hardware.
   • Example: Assembly language.

2. High-Level Language:

   • Uses human-friendly syntax.
   • Requires a compiler or interpreter to convert into machine code.
   • Example: Python, Java, C++.

Programming languages are essential for software development and automation.

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SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Write advantages of flowchart.
Ans:-

• Simplifies complex problems.
• Easy to understand and communicate logic.
• Helps in debugging and troubleshooting.
• Improves documentation and software planning.

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2. What is documentation?
Ans:-
Documentation refers to written records explaining program functionality, code structure, and instructions for users and developers. It includes user manuals, comments in code, and design specifications.

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3. Write advantages & disadvantages of pseudo code.
Ans:-
Advantages:

• Improves readability and understanding.
• Easy to convert into programming languages.

Disadvantages:

• No strict syntax rules.
• Cannot be executed directly by a computer.

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4. What is a translator?
Ans:- A translator is a software program that converts high-level or assembly language code into machine code. Examples include compilers, interpreters, and assemblers.

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5. Write any two differences between a compiler and an interpreter.
Ans:-

1. Compiler translates the entire program at once, while an interpreter translates line by line.
2. Compiled programs run faster, whereas interpreted programs execute slower due to real-time translation.

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Decision symbol is used:
   Ans:- (a) to write the condition

2. The shape of Terminal box is:
   Ans:- (b) oval

3. Connectors are used in a flowchart to:
   Ans:- (b) continue

4. Process symbol is used to:
   Ans:- (b) process the data/instruction

5. What will be the output of the pseudo code?
   Ans:- (c) b

6. The process of repetition is called:
   Ans:- (c) looping

7. Flowchart & Algorithm are used for:
   Ans:- (d) all of these

8. Which memory translates one line at a time?
   Ans:- (a) Interpreter