lesson 5 Operating System (English medium)

 

1. What is an Operating System? Describe the main parts.

Ans:-An operating system (OS) serves as an intermediary between computer hardware and users, facilitating program execution in an efficient manner. It is crucial for managing computer resources and ensuring that user programs do not disrupt system operations. The OS encompasses several core components:

1. Booting Loader: This program, stored in ROM, initiates the computer by loading the OS from secondary memory.

2. Diagnostic Test: Also located in ROM, it checks hardware functionality during startup and controls disk drives.

3. Operating System Executive: These programs, active in RAM, oversee system operations once the computer is on.

4. BIOS: This set of programs manages hardware interaction and is typically stored in ROM, handling tasks like keyboard input and screen output.

5. Utility Program: These perform specific tasks, such as formatting disks and managing files.

6. File Maintenance: This aspect manages files on secondary storage devices, ensuring organized access and storage. Together, these components work to provide a stable and efficient computing environment.

2. How many types of operating systems? Explain briefly.

Ans:-There are several types of operating systems, each designed for specific use cases and environments:

1. Personal Computer Systems: Tailored for single users, optimizing convenience and responsiveness (e.g., Windows, macOS).

2. Multiprogramming OS: Enables simultaneous execution of multiple jobs by managing CPU resources effectively.

3. Multiprocessor OS: Also known as parallel OS, utilizes multiple processors to enhance performance and reliability.

4. Batch OS: Groups similar tasks to execute them sequentially without user interaction, improving efficiency.

5. Time-Sharing OS: Allocates CPU time to multiple tasks, allowing for multitasking and user responsiveness.

6. Network OS: Manages resources and services over a network, allowing multiple users to share files and applications.

7. Real-Time OS: Designed for time-sensitive applications, ensuring quick response times for critical tasks. Each OS type serves distinct operational needs, balancing performance, efficiency, and user experience.

3. What is the Windows operating system? Explain some of the main icons available on the desktop.

Ans:-Windows is a graphical operating system developed by Microsoft, characterized by its user-friendly interface and support for various applications. The desktop environment typically features several essential icons:

1. My Computer (or This PC): Allows users to access and manage files on their drives, making file navigation easy.

2. My Documents (or Documents): A designated folder for storing user documents, providing a centralized location for easy access and backup.

3. Start Menu: The gateway to installed programs and system settings, enabling users to launch applications quickly.

4. Taskbar: Located at the bottom of the screen, it displays running applications and system notifications, providing quick access to essential tools.

5. Recycle Bin: Temporarily holds deleted files, allowing users to restore them if needed. Each of these icons serves a specific function, enhancing user interaction with the Windows environment and streamlining file management.

4. Describe the functioning of the operating system.

Ans:-The operating system (OS) performs several key functions that ensure efficient and effective computer operation. First, booting initializes the system, loading essential software and preparing the hardware for use. Next, the OS manages memory by allocating and tracking memory usage for various processes, preventing conflicts between programs.

Another critical function is loading and executing applications; the OS facilitates moving programs from disk to memory for execution. The OS also prioritizes data security, safeguarding information from unauthorized access or alterations.

Additionally, it oversees disk management, organizing and tracking file storage while ensuring efficient data retrieval. The OS manages processes by scheduling CPU time among competing tasks, ensuring that the system remains responsive. Lastly, it controls devices through drivers, enabling communication between hardware and software. Through these functions, the OS provides a stable environment where users can interact with hardware and run applications efficiently.

5. How many types of files in MS-DOS? Explain briefly.

Ans:-MS-DOS, an early command-line operating system, uses several types of files to manage system functions effectively. The main file types include:

1. System Files: These essential files, like IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS, contain system initialization code and drivers necessary for booting and operating the OS.

2. Command Files: These include built-in commands that the command interpreter understands, allowing users to execute various tasks via the command line.

3. Batch Files: Text files with a .BAT extension that contain a series of MS-DOS commands. These files automate repetitive tasks, executing commands sequentially.

4. Configuration Files: Files like CONFIG.SYS store system configuration settings that dictate how the operating system behaves. They contain parameters for device drivers and memory management.

Each file type plays a critical role in the functionality and usability of MS-DOS, contributing to the overall operation of the operating system.

6. Difference between Windows Operating System and Linux Operating System?

Ans:-Windows and Linux are two dominant operating systems, each with distinct characteristics and user experiences. Windows, developed by Microsoft, is a proprietary OS known for its user-friendly graphical interface, broad application support, and integration with various hardware. It is widely used in personal computing environments, making it popular among everyday users.

In contrast, Linux is an open-source operating system that provides greater flexibility and customization options. It is based on the Unix architecture and supports various distributions (e.g., Ubuntu, Fedora), each tailored for specific user needs. Linux is favored by developers and technical users for its command-line interface, strong security features, and community-driven support.

Another significant difference lies in software installation and updates. Windows typically uses a centralized system for software installation through the Microsoft Store, while Linux often relies on package managers for software management. Licensing is also a key distinction; Windows requires users to purchase licenses, whereas Linux is generally free to use and distribute. Together, these differences shape the usage scenarios and preferences for each operating system in diverse computing environments.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What is desktop?
   The desktop is the main screen of a computer operating system, displaying icons, files, and taskbar, serving as a workspace for users.

2. How many files in MS-DOS?
   MS-DOS uses various file types, including system files, command files, batch files, and configuration files, but the exact number depends on the installation.

3. Write the full form of G.U.I.?
   G.U.I. stands for Graphical User Interface.

4. What is Batch file?
   A batch file is a text file containing a series of MS-DOS commands, executed sequentially to automate repetitive tasks.

5. What is task bar?
   The taskbar is a horizontal bar at the bottom of the screen that shows open applications and system notifications, allowing quick access to programs.

6. What is the use of Recycle bin?
   The Recycle Bin temporarily holds deleted files, allowing users to restore them if needed, preventing accidental loss of important data.

7. What are icons? Explain briefly.
   Icons are small graphical representations of programs, files, or functions on a computer screen, providing a visual way for users to interact with the operating system.

8. Explain Multitasking Operating System.
   A multitasking operating system allows multiple applications to run simultaneously, efficiently managing CPU resources to provide users with a responsive and efficient computing experience.

9. Write four commands in MS-DOS.

   • DIR (to list files and directories)
   • COPY (to copy files)
   • DEL (to delete files)
   • FORMAT (to format disks)

10. What is boot loader?
    A boot loader is a small program that loads the operating system into memory during the startup process, initializing the system for user interaction.