Friday, December 13, 2024

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

 Artificial Intelligence 


The term "Artificial Intelligence" was coined by John McCarthy, who is often considered one of the founding figures of AI. He organized the Dartmouth Conference in 1956.

Artificial Intelligence Definition 

  1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) means giving machines the ability to act intelligently like humans. This includes tasks like learning, reasoning, solving problems, and understanding.
  2. AI is the ability of machines to mimic human-like intelligent behaviour. It allows computers to perform tasks such as reasoning, learning, problem-solving, and decision-making.
  3. AI involves machines performing intellectual tasks like understanding information, analysing it, and responding based on the data.

AI is a technology that creates algorithms and systems enabling machines to perform complex tasks automatically, make predictions, and improve with experience using data.


Key Components of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

  1. Machine Learning (ML): Machine Learning is a part of AI that enables machines to learn patterns and make decisions without needing explicit programming.
  2. Neural Networks: Neural networks are computational models inspired by the human brain. They consist of interconnected nodes (neurons) that process information.
  3. Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP is a branch of AI that helps machines understand, interpret, and generate human language.


Important Historical Events in Artificial Intelligence (AI)

  1. 1950 - Alan Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence": British mathematician Alan Turing published a famous paper introducing the Turing Test, a way to determine if a machine can think like a human.
  2. 1956 - Dartmouth Conference: This event formally marked the birth of AI as a field of study. Key figures like John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester, and Claude Shannon coined the term "Artificial Intelligence."
  3. 1956 - Birth of AI as a Field: During the Dartmouth Conference, participants proposed that any aspect of learning or intelligence could be described in a way that machines could simulate.
  4. 1958 - Development of the LISP Programming Language: John McCarthy created LISP, a programming language specifically designed for AI research, which played a key role in AI's early development.
  5. 1966 - ELIZA: Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT developed ELIZA, an early natural language processing program that simulated a conversation with a therapist, paving the way for chatbots and AI assistants.
  6. 1972 - SHRDLU: Terry Winograd created SHRDLU, an AI program that could follow natural language commands and manipulate objects in a virtual environment. This demonstrated computers' ability to understand context-specific language.
  7. 1997 - Deep Blue Defeats Garry Kasparov: IBM's Deep Blue, a chess-playing computer system, defeated world champion Garry Kasparov, showcasing machines' potential in strategic games.
  8. 2002 - Roomba: iRobot's Roomba became the first commercially successful robot vacuum cleaner, using AI to clean homes automatically.
  9. 2011 - IBM Watson Wins Jeopardy!: IBM Watson defeated human champions in the quiz show Jeopardy! by using natural language processing and machine learning to understand questions and analyze a large database for answers.
  10. 2012 - AlexNet and the Deep Learning Revolution: AlexNet, a deep neural network system, achieved significant success in the ImageNet competition, dramatically reducing error rates in image classification.
  11. 2016 - AlphaGo Defeats Lee Sedol: Google DeepMind's AlphaGo defeated Lee Sedol, a world champion in the complex board game Go, considered a major milestone in AI due to Go's high level of difficulty.
  12. 2020s - Advances in Generative AI and Language Models: Models like GPT-3 and BERT revolutionized natural language understanding, enabling AI to generate human-like text, answer questions, and perform various tasks. Generative AI enhanced chatbots, virtual assistants, content creation, and language translation, making AI-human interactions more seamless.

Components of an AI Agent 

  1. Sensors: Sensors collect different types of information from the outside environment, like temperature, motion, sound, light, or physical changes. This information is sent to a computer or machine so it can perform tasks correctly. Examples: Temperature sensors, motion sensors, cameras, LiDAR, etc.
  2. Decision-Making Component: After receiving information from the sensors, the decision-making component processes it and decides what action to take next. It acts as the brain of the computer or machine. Examples: A robot's processor or an autonomous car's control unit.
  3. Actuators: Based on the information received from the sensors, actuators carry out physical actions in the environment, like moving, picking up objects, or performing other tasks. Examples: Motors, cylinders, hydraulic presses, lights, or robotic fingers.
  4. Knowledge Base: The knowledge base is a collection of prior experiences, facts, and rules that help in decision-making. It enables the system to work with better understanding and accuracy. Examples: Medical expert systems containing treatments and rules provided by doctors.
  5. Learning Mechanism: The learning mechanism helps the system become better and more efficient over time. When it gets new data or experiences, it adapts and improves itself using that information. This makes the system capable of making more accurate and effective decisions in the future. Examples: Machine learning and deep learning algorithms that learn from data and provide better results over time.

Types of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be classified into different types based on its capabilities, applications, and functionality. Here are the common types of AI:

  1. Narrow or Weak AI: This type of AI is designed and trained for a specific task. It performs only that task effectively. Examples: Virtual assistants like Siri, image recognition software, and chatbots.
  2. General or Strong AI: General AI refers to machines that have intelligence similar to humans and can understand, learn, and apply knowledge to a wide range of tasks. This type of AI is still theoretical and not yet achieved. It would be capable of performing any intellectual task that a human can do.
  3. Machine Learning (ML): ML is a subset of AI focused on creating algorithms that allow computers to learn from data and make predictions or decisions based on it. Types of Machine Learning: 1Supervised Learning 2 Unsupervised Learning 3Reinforcement Learning
  4. Deep Learning: Deep Learning is a subset of Machine Learning that uses neural networks with many layers (deep neural networks). It is especially good at tasks like image and speech recognition and natural language processing.

Common Uses of AI 

  1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is used in many industries to improve efficiency, automate tasks, and drive innovation. Here are some common uses of AI:
  2. Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP enables computers to interact with human language, allowing them to understand, interpret, and generate human-like text. Examples: Chatbots, language translation, and sentiment analysis.
  3. Robotics AI: This focuses on creating intelligent machines that can perform physical tasks in the real world. Examples: Robotic manufacturing systems and autonomous vehicles.
  4. Recommendation Systems: Platforms like Netflix, Amazon, and Spotify use AI algorithms to analyse user behaviour and preferences to provide personalized recommendations for movies, products, and music.
  5. Healthcare: AI helps in medical diagnosis, drug discovery, and personalized medicine. It can analyse medical images, predict patient outcomes, and assist in treatment planning.
  6. Autonomous Vehicles: AI technologies like computer vision and machine learning are key to self-driving cars, enabling them to navigate and make decisions in real time.
  7. Finance: AI is used for fraud detection, algorithmic trading, credit scoring, and customer service in the financial industry. It helps analyze large datasets to make informed decisions.
  8. Chatbots and Customer Service: AI-powered chatbots provide quick responses to customer queries on websites or messaging platforms, improving customer service and support.
  9. Education: AI applications in education include personalized learning platforms, intelligent tutoring systems, and automated grading systems, enhancing the learning experience for students.
  10. Manufacturing and Robotics: AI is integrated into manufacturing processes for quality control, predictive maintenance, and automation using robotic systems. This increases efficiency and reduces errors.
  11. Image and Video Analysis: AI is used in tasks like image recognition, object detection, and video analysis for purposes such as security surveillance, content moderation, and medical imaging.
  12. Cybersecurity: AI helps detect and prevent cyber threats by analyzing patterns, identifying anomalies, and strengthening security measures to protect against attacks.
  13. Gaming: AI algorithms improve gaming by enhancing non-player character (NPC) behavior, creating procedural content, and adjusting difficulty levels to provide more engaging and challenging experiences.

Advantages of AI 

  1. Automation of Repetitive Tasks: AI can automate repetitive tasks like data entry, assembly line work, and customer service. This increases efficiency and reduces human errors.
  2. Improved Accuracy and Precision: AI systems perform tasks with high accuracy, especially in fields like healthcare and engineering. For example, AI-powered diagnostic tools can detect diseases with great precision.
  3. 24/7 Availability: AI systems can work continuously without breaks. This is useful in industries requiring constant monitoring and processing, such as customer support or security.
  4. Enhanced Decision-Making: AI analyzes large amounts of data to provide insights that improve decision-making. For instance, in finance, AI can predict stock market trends more accurately.
  5. Personalization: AI enhances user experience by personalizing services, like recommending shows on Netflix, products in e-commerce, or ads in marketing based on user behavior.
  6. Cost-Effective in the Long Run: Although implementing AI can be costly initially, it saves money over time by reducing labor costs and increasing productivity.
  7. Handling Complex Problems: AI can solve complex problems that may be difficult for humans, such as predicting natural disasters, analyzing climate change data, and managing complex logistics in supply chains.
  8. Safety in Dangerous Environments: AI is used in hazardous environments like space exploration, deep-sea research, and manufacturing plants. Robots and autonomous vehicles can perform tasks that are dangerous for humans.

Disadvantages of AI 

  1. Unemployment: One of the biggest drawbacks of AI is that it may replace some human jobs. As machines take over repetitive tasks, certain jobs, especially low-skilled, manual, or administrative ones, might become unnecessary.
  2. High Initial Cost: Implementing AI can be expensive. It requires significant investment in infrastructure, software, and skilled professionals to develop, train, and maintain AI systems.
  3. Dependency on Technology: Relying too much on AI systems can lead to problems when these systems fail or malfunction. This could disrupt business operations or cause unexpected issues, especially in critical areas like healthcare or transportation.
  4. Lack of Human Touch: AI lacks emotional intelligence and human intuition. It may not perform well in roles requiring empathy, such as customer service, mental health support, or creative work. Machines cannot fully understand human emotions or context.
  5. Security and Privacy Concerns: AI systems can pose security risks, such as AI-powered cyberattacks that are more advanced than traditional ones. Additionally, AI requires large amounts of data, raising concerns about user privacy and data security.
  6. Bias in Decision-Making: AI can inherit biases present in the data it is trained on. If the data is biased (e.g., discriminatory hiring practices or unfair legal judgments), AI might amplify these biases, leading to unfair outcomes.
  7. Ethical Concerns: The use of AI raises ethical questions, such as accountability for mistakes made by autonomous systems, the use of AI in warfare, or its deployment for surveillance purposes.
  8. Lack of Creativity and Innovation: AI excels at working with existing data and patterns but is limited in real creativity and original thinking. It cannot generate ideas or concepts the way humans can.
  9. Limited Generalization: AI systems are often highly specialized and cannot transfer knowledge from one domain to another. For example, an AI skilled at playing chess cannot use the same logic to solve unrelated problems.

Machine Learning

Machine learning is a type of artificial intelligence (AI) that enables computer systems to learn from experience and improve their performance without being explicitly programmed. In simple terms, machine learning involves analysing data, learning from it, and making the system better over time.

Key Types of Machine Learning:

  1. Supervised Learning: In this type, the model is trained using labelled data (training data). This means the data comes with the correct answers (labels). Example: Detecting spam emails, where emails are labelled as "spam" or "non-spam."
  2. Unsupervised Learning: In this type, the data has no labels. The model analyses the data to find patterns and divides it into groups or categories. Example: Identifying customer groups, where hidden patterns in customer data are discovered.
  3. Reinforcement Learning: Here, an agent learns by interacting with its environment. It receives rewards for correct actions and penalties for incorrect ones. Example: Training a robot to navigate a new location, where it gets rewards for choosing the right path and penalties for the wrong path.
  4. Semi-Supervised Learning: This combines both labelled and unlabelled data. It is a mix of supervised and unsupervised learning. Example: Recognizing faces in photos, where some faces are labelled, but not all have identifying information.

Important Machine Learning Algorithms

  1. Linear Regression: A supervised learning technique used to predict continuous data, such as estimating house prices.
  2. Logistic Regression: Used for binary classification problems, such as classifying emails as "spam" or "non-spam."
  3. Clustering Algorithms: K-Means Clustering: An unsupervised learning method that divides data into groups (clusters).
  4. Hierarchical Clustering: Groups data into a tree-like structure based on similarity.
  5. Neural Networks: A powerful technique designed to understand deep and complex data. It mimics human thinking and uses multiple algorithms.
  6. Deep Learning: An advanced form of neural networks that handles large-scale data and complex tasks, such as image and speech recognition.
  7. Decision Tree: A supervised learning algorithm that creates a tree-like structure to make decisions.
  8. Random Forest: A collection of multiple decision trees working together to make more accurate and reliable predictions.

Features of Machine Learning

  1. Automation: Machine learning models learn from data and make decisions automatically, without human intervention.
  2. Pattern Recognition: It enables machines to recognize patterns and structures in data, allowing them to make predictions.
  3. Data Dependency: Machine learning systems need large and diverse data to deliver good results.
  4. Improvement over Time: As more data is provided, machine learning models improve their accuracy over time.
  5. Deep Learning Deep learning is a subfield of machine learning that specifically uses neural networks. It involves learning from data in a more complex and deeper way, with multiple layers in the network. Deep learning systems are trained using vast amounts of data and work similarly to the human brain, enabling them to understand complex patterns and structures.

Key Features of Deep Learning

  1. Use of Neural Networks: Deep learning uses artificial neural networks (ANNs), which consist of multiple layers. Each layer contains nodes that process information and send it to the next layer. These nodes function like neurons in the human brain.
  2. Multiple Layers: Deep learning networks have many layers, making them "deep." This helps the network understand more complex patterns and data structures. These networks are called deep neural networks (DNNs), consisting of input, hidden, and output layers, with many hidden layers.
  3. Automatic Feature Extraction: Deep learning systems automatically learn features from data. For example, in image recognition, the system can recognize patterns like shape, color, or other features without human intervention.
  4. Need for Large Data and Resources: Deep learning requires large datasets and substantial computational resources (like GPUs or TPUs) to train. Large datasets help the model learn patterns correctly.

Major Deep Learning Algorithms and Techniques

  1. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN): CNNs are used mainly for image processing tasks like image classification, object detection, and other vision tasks. It includes convolution layers that extract patterns from images. Example: Face detection in images.
  2. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN): RNNs are used for sequential data (like text, voice, or time-based data). They can remember past information over time. Example: Voice assistants like Siri or Google Assistant, machine translation.
  3. Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM): LSTM is a type of RNN that can store information for longer periods. It's especially useful for natural language processing (NLP) and sequential data. Example: Language translation, voice recognition.
  4. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs): GANs are used to generate new data, like new images, video clips, or music. It involves two networks: a generator (which creates data) and a discriminator (which distinguishes real from fake data). Example: Creating images or deep fake videos.

Applications of Deep Learning:

  1. Image Recognition: Deep learning is used for image identification, object detection, and face recognition. Example: Google Photos facial recognition or self-driving cars identifying roads and obstacles.
  2. Voice Assistants: Deep learning is used in voice assistants like Siri, Google Assistant, and Alexa to understand human voices and respond appropriately.
  3. Natural Language Processing (NLP): Deep learning is used in text analysis, language translation, summary creation, and question-answer systems.
  4. Self-Driving Cars: Deep learning helps autonomous vehicles recognize roads, traffic signs, and obstacles using image processing and sensing technologies.
  5. Healthcare: Deep learning assists in medical imaging (like reading CT scans and MRIs) and helps in disease diagnosis.

Advantages of Deep Learning:

  1. Automatic Feature Extraction: Deep learning models learn features automatically, reducing the need for human intervention in model development.
  2. Better Performance: It can process large, complex data and produce better results, such as in image and speech recognition.
  3. Capability in Complex Tasks: Deep learning can perform complex tasks like self-driving cars and medical imaging.


Disadvantages of Deep Learning:

  1. Need for Large Data: Deep learning requires a lot of data and resources to train effectively.
  2. High Computational Cost: Training deep learning models demands significant computational power (GPUs, TPUs) and time.
  3. Lack of Transparency: It is often difficult to understand how these models make decisions (black-box models).

Wednesday, October 23, 2024

Model paper 2 IX English Medium

 

 Note:- Please note that the questions provided in this paper are for practice purposes only. They are not intended to represent important questions for any specific examination. Use this paper as a study tool to enhance your understanding of the subject matter, but do not rely on it as a guide for actual exam content.

Section A

Section A: Objective Questions (20 × 1 = 20 Marks)

  1. Which part of the computer is responsible for executing instructions?
    (a) Hard Drive
    (b) CPU
    (c) RAM
    (d) Motherboard
  2. Which memory is used to store data permanently?
    (a) RAM
    (b) ROM
    (c) Cache
    (d) SSD
  3. What is an example of non-volatile memory?
    (a) RAM
    (b) ROM
    (c) Cache Memory
    (d) Registers
  4. Which of the following is a function of an operating system?
    (a) Image Editing
    (b) Memory Management
    (c) Hardware Manufacturing
    (d) Web Browsing
  5. What type of software is an operating system?
    (a) System Software
    (b) Application Software
    (c) Utility Software
    (d) Network Software
  6. What is a byte composed of?
    (a) 2 bits
    (b) 4 bits
    (c) 8 bits
    (d) 16 bits
  7. Which device is responsible for processing and displaying images on a monitor?
    (a) CPU
    (b) GPU
    (c) Hard Disk
    (d) Motherboard
  8. What does CLI stand for in computing?
    (a) Common Language Interface
    (b) Command-Line Interface
    (c) Code Language Integration
    (d) Computer Language Input
  9. Which of the following is not an output device?
    (a) Monitor
    (b) Speaker
    (c) Mouse
    (d) Printer
  10. Which number system is base 16?
    (a) Decimal
    (b) Binary
    (c) Hexadecimal
    (d) Octal
  11. Which Linux command is used to copy files?
    (a) cp
    (b) rm
    (c) ls
    (d) mv
  12. Which of the following is a markup language?
    (a) C++
    (b) JavaScript
    (c) HTML
    (d) Python
  13. Which component holds the memory and CPU together?
    (a) GPU
    (b) Hard Drive
    (c) Motherboard
    (d) Power Supply
  14. What is the full form of RAM?
    (a) Random Access Memory
    (b) Read Access Memory
    (c) Real Application Memory
    (d) Rapid Access Module
  15. Which memory retains data when the computer is turned off?
    (a) RAM
    (b) Cache Memory
    (c) ROM
    (d) Registers
  16. Which command is used to view the present working directory in Linux?
    (a) pwd
    (b) ls
    (c) cat
    (d) mkdir
  17. Which of the following is a spreadsheet software?
    (a) Excel
    (b) Photoshop
    (c) Visual Studio
    (d) Notepad
  18. Which of the following is secondary storage?
    (a) RAM
    (b) SSD
    (c) Cache
    (d) CPU
  19. Which Linux command is used to remove directories?
    (a) rm
    (b) rmdir
    (c) mv
    (d) cp
  20. Which of the following is an input device?
    (a) Printer
    (b) Webcam
    (c) Speaker
    (d) Monitor

                                  Section B

Answer the following questions briefly: 10 × 1 = 10 Marks

  1. What is the purpose of ROM in a computer?
  2. What does SSD stand for, and how does it differ from a hard drive?
  3. Explain the function of a monitor as an output device.
  4. What is the role of the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) in a computer?
  5. What is proprietary software?
  6. How is the ls command used in Linux?
  7. What is the purpose of the kernel in an operating system?
  8. What does a computer’s task scheduler do?
  9. What is the difference between a mechanical and optical mouse?
  10. What does the mv command do in Linux?

11. Short Answer Questions: 5 × 2 = 10 Marks

  1. Explain the difference between primary and secondary memory.
  2. What is the role of input devices in a computer system?
  3. Describe the difference between system software and application software.
  4. What are the advantages of using a command-line interface (CLI) over a graphical user interface (GUI)?
  5. Describe the purpose and functionality of file permissions in an operating system.

12. Solve the following: 5 × 2 = 10 Marks

  1. What is the base of the hexadecimal number system?
  2. Convert the decimal number 12 to binary.
  3. Which number system uses only digits 0-7?
  4. What is the base of the binary number system?
  5. Convert the binary number 1101 to decimal.

13. Answer the following questions: 3 × 4 = 12 Marks

  1. Explain the key hardware components inside a computer.
  2. Describe the different types of memory used in computers.
  3. Write short notes on the contributions of Charles Babbage to computing.

14. Answer any one: 8 Marks

Explain the evolution of the internet from its inception to the modern-day World Wide Web.

                                                  OR

What is the difference between primary memory and secondary memory? Explain in detail.

                                                  OR

What is the significance of cloud computing in modern technology? Explain its advantages and disadvantages.


Model Paper for Class IX English Medium

Please note that the questions provided in this paper are for practice purposes only. They are not intended to represent important questions for any specific examination. Use this paper as a study tool to enhance your understanding of the subject matter, but do not rely on it as a guide for actual exam content.

 Question Paper 1

Section A

Objective Questions: 20 × 1 = 20 Marks


1.     Which component is known as the brain of the computer?
(a) Monitor
(b) CPU
(c) Hard Drive
(d) RAM

2.     Which unit is responsible for storing data temporarily in a computer?
(a) Hard Disk
(b) RAM
(c) ROM
(d) Motherboard

3.     Which of the following is an example of volatile memory?
(a) RAM
(b) ROM
(c) Hard Drive
(d) Flash Memory

4.     What is the primary function of an operating system?
(a) Hardware Repair
(b) Managing Resources
(c) Web Development
(d) Internet Access

5.     What type of software is Microsoft Word?
(a) System Software
(b) Utility Software
(c) Application Software
(d) Firmware

6.     What is the smallest unit of data in computing?
(a) Bit
(b) Byte
(c) Kilobyte
(d) Terabyte

7.     Which device is used for long-term data storage?
(a) RAM
(b) Hard Drive
(c) CPU
(d) GPU

8.     What does GUI stand for in computing?
(a) General User Interface
(b) Graphical User Interface
(c) Global User Information
(d) Graphics Unit Integration

9.     Which of the following is not an input device?
(a) Scanner
(b) Keyboard
(c) Printer
(d) Mouse

10.  Which numbering system uses only the digits 0 and 1?
(a) Decimal
(b) Hexadecimal
(c) Binary
(d) Octal

11.  Which command is used to delete files in Linux?
(a) mv
(b) rm
(c) cp
(d) chmod

12.  Which of the following is not a programming language?
(a) Python
(b) Java
(c) HTML
(d) Windows

13.  Which component connects all parts of the computer together?
(a) Processor
(b) Motherboard
(c) GPU
(d) Power Supply

14.  What is the full form of CPU?
(a) Central Power Unit
(b) Central Processing Unit
(c) Control Processing Unit
(d) Central Program Unit

15.  Which type of memory is used to start a computer during booting?
(a) RAM
(b) ROM
(c) Cache Memory
(d) SSD

16.  Which command lists all files in a directory in Linux?
(a) cat
(b) mkdir
(c) ls
(d) rm

17.  Which of the following is a web browser?
(a) Google Chrome
(b) Microsoft Word
(c) Adobe Photoshop
(d) Excel

18.  Which is an example of primary memory?
(a) SSD
(b) Hard Disk
(c) RAM
(d) CD-ROM

19.  Which Linux command is used to move files?
(a) rm
(b) mv
(c) cp
(d) ls

20.  Which type of device is a speaker?
(a) Input Device
(b) Output Device
(c) Storage Device
(d) Processing Device

Section B

Answer the following questions in brief: 10 × 1 = 10 Marks


  1. 1.     What is the purpose of a CPU in a computer?

    2.     What does ROM stand for, and what is its function?

    3.     Explain the use of a printer as an output device.

    4.     What is the function of the control unit in a computer system?

    5.     What is open-source software?

    6.     How is the mkdir command used in Linux?

    7.     What is the purpose of a file system in an operating system?

    8.     What is a task manager used for in an operating system?

    9.     What is the difference between a wired and wireless mouse?

    10.  How does the cp command work in Linux?

11. Short answer questions - 5 × 2 = 10 Marks

1.     What is the function of the control unit in a computer?

2.     Explain the role of output devices in a computer system.

3.     What is the difference between volatile and non-volatile memory?

4.     What are the advantages of using open-source software?

5.     Describe the purpose of directories in an operating system.

12. Answer all questions - 5 × 2 = 10 Marks

1.     What is the base of the binary number system?

2.     Convert the decimal number 5 to binary.

3.     Which number system uses digits from 0 to 9 and letters A to F?

4.     What is the base of the octal number system?

5.     Convert the binary number 1010 to decimal.

 


13. Answer the following questions - 3 × 4 = 12 Marks

  1. What are the main components of a computer system?
  2. Explain the role and types of software in computing.
  3. Write short notes on Abacus.

 

14. Answer any one - 8 Marks

  1. Explain all generations of Computer.
    OR
  2. What is Hardware explain in details.
    OR
  3. What is Operating system? Write down advantage of Linux operating system?




Model Pape 2 Hindi Medium

 

कृपया ध्यान दें कि इस पेपर में दिए गए प्रश्न सिर्फ अभ्यास के लिए हैं। ये किसी खास परीक्षा के लिए महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्न नहीं हैं। इस पेपर का इस्तेमाल अध्ययन के लिए करें ताकि आप विषय को बेहतर समझ सकें, लेकिन इसे असली परीक्षा के सवालों के लिए मार्गदर्शक मत समझें।

Section A

Objective Questions: 20 × 1 = 20 Marks

    1. कंप्यूटर का कौन सा भाग निर्देशों को निष्पादित करने के लिए जिम्मेदार है?
      (a)
      हार्ड ड्राइव
      (b) CPU
      (c) RAM
      (d)
      मदरबोर्ड
    2. कौन सी मेमोरी डेटा को स्थायी रूप से संग्रहीत करने के लिए उपयोग की जाती है?
      (a) RAM
      (b) ROM
      (c)
      कैश
      (d) SSD
    3. गैर-स्वच्छता मेमोरी का एक उदाहरण क्या है?
      (a) RAM
      (b) ROM
      (c)
      कैश मेमोरी
      (d)
      रजिस्टर
    4. निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम का एक कार्य है?
      (a)
      इमेज संपादन
      (b)
      मेमोरी प्रबंधन
      (c)
      हार्डवेयर निर्माण
      (d)
      वेब ब्राउज़िंग
    5. ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम किस प्रकार का सॉफ़्टवेयर है?
      (a)
      सिस्टम सॉफ़्टवेयर
      (b)
      एप्लिकेशन सॉफ़्टवेयर
      (c)
      उपयोगिता सॉफ़्टवेयर
      (d)
      नेटवर्क सॉफ़्टवेयर
    6. एक बाइट किससे बना होता है?
      (a) 2
      बिट्स
      (b) 4
      बिट्स
      (c) 8
      बिट्स
      (d) 16
      बिट्स
    7. कौन सा डिवाइस एक मॉनिटर पर चित्रों को प्रोसेस और प्रदर्शित करने के लिए जिम्मेदार है?
      (a) CPU
      (b) GPU
      (c)
      हार्ड डिस्क
      (d)
      मदरबोर्ड
    8. कंप्यूटिंग में CLI का क्या अर्थ है?
      (a)
      सामान्य भाषा इंटरफेस
      (b)
      कमांड-लाइन इंटरफेस
      (c)
      कोड भाषा एकीकरण
      (d)
      कंप्यूटर भाषा इनपुट
    9. निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा आउटपुट डिवाइस नहीं है?
      (a)
      मॉनिटर
      (b)
      स्पीकर
      (c)
      माउस
      (d)
      प्रिंटर
    10. कौन सा संख्या प्रणाली आधार 16 है?
      (a)
      दशमलव
      (b)
      बाइनरी
      (c)
      हेक्साडेसिमल
      (d)
      ऑक्टल
    11. फाइलों को कॉपी करने के लिए कौन सा लिनक्स कमांड उपयोग किया जाता है?
      (a) cp
      (b) rm
      (c) ls
      (d) mv
    12. निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा मार्कअप भाषा है?
      (a) C++
      (b) JavaScript
      (c) HTML
      (d) Python
    13. कौन सा घटक मेमोरी और CPU को एक साथ पकड़ता है?
      (a) GPU
      (b)
      हार्ड ड्राइव
      (c)
      मदरबोर्ड
      (d)
      पावर सप्लाई
    14. RAM का पूरा नाम क्या है?
      (a)
      रैंडम एक्सेस मेमोरी
      (b)
      रीड एक्सेस मेमोरी
      (c)
      रियल एप्लिकेशन मेमोरी
      (d)
      रैपिड एक्सेस मॉड्यूल
    15. कौन सी मेमोरी डेटा को तब भी बनाए रखती है जब कंप्यूटर बंद हो जाता है?
      (a) RAM
      (b)
      कैश मेमोरी
      (c) ROM
      (d)
      रजिस्टर
    16. लिनक्स में वर्तमान कार्यशील निर्देशिका को देखने के लिए कौन सा कमांड उपयोग किया जाता है?
      (a) pwd
      (b) ls
      (c) cat
      (d) mkdir
    17. निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा स्प्रेडशीट सॉफ़्टवेयर है?
      (a) Excel
      (b) Photoshop
      (c) Visual Studio
      (d) Notepad
    18. निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा द्वितीयक भंडारण है?
      (a) RAM
      (b) SSD
      (c)
      कैश
      (d) CPU
    19. कौन सा लिनक्स कमांड निर्देशिकाओं को हटाने के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है?
      (a) rm
      (b) rmdir
      (c) mv
      (d) cp
    20. निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा इनपुट डिवाइस है?
      (a)
      प्रिंटर
      (b)
      वेबकैम
      (c)
      स्पीकर
      (d)
      मॉनिटर

Section B

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों का संक्षिप्त उत्तर दें: 10 × 1 = 10 अंक


  1. कंप्यूटर में ROM का उद्देश्य क्या है?
  2. SSD का क्या अर्थ है, और यह हार्ड ड्राइव से कैसे भिन्न है?
  3. एक आउटपुट डिवाइस के रूप में मॉनिटर का कार्य स्पष्ट करें।
  4. कंप्यूटर में अंकगणितीय तर्क इकाई (ALU) की भूमिका क्या है?
  5. प्रॉपराइटरी सॉफ़्टवेयर क्या है?
  6. लिनक्स में ls कमांड का उपयोग कैसे किया जाता है?
  7. एक ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम में कर्नेल का उद्देश्य क्या है?
  8. कंप्यूटर का कार्य शेड्यूलर क्या करता है?
  9. यांत्रिक माउस और ऑप्टिकल माउस के बीच क्या अंतर है?
  10. लिनक्स में mv कमांड क्या करती है?

11. लघु उत्तर प्रश्न: 5 × 2 = 10 अंक

  1. प्राथमिक और द्वितीयक मेमोरी के बीच अंतर स्पष्ट करें।
  2. कंप्यूटर सिस्टम में इनपुट डिवाइस की भूमिका क्या है?
  3. सिस्टम सॉफ़्टवेयर और एप्लिकेशन सॉफ़्टवेयर के बीच अंतर का वर्णन करें।
  4. ग्राफिकल यूजर इंटरफेस (GUI) की तुलना में कमांड-लाइन इंटरफेस (CLI) के उपयोग के क्या फायदे हैं?
  5. एक ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम में फ़ाइल अनुमतियों का उद्देश्य और कार्यक्षमता का वर्णन करें।

12. सभी प्रश्न हल करें: 5 × 2 = 10 अंक

  1. हेक्साडेसिमल संख्या प्रणाली का आधार क्या है?
  2. दशमलव संख्या 12 को बाइनरी में परिवर्तित करें।
  3. कौन सी संख्या प्रणाली केवल अंकों 0-7 का उपयोग करती है?
  4. बाइनरी संख्या प्रणाली का आधार क्या है?
  5. बाइनरी संख्या 1101 को दशमलव में परिवर्तित करें।
13. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों का उत्तर दें: 3 × 4 = 12 अंक

  1. कंप्यूटर के अंदर प्रमुख हार्डवेयर घटकों को स्पष्ट करें।
  2. कंप्यूटरों में उपयोग की जाने वाली विभिन्न प्रकार की मेमोरी का वर्णन करें।
  3. चार्ल्स बैबेज के कंप्यूटिंग में योगदान पर संक्षिप्त नोट लिखें।
14. निम्नलिखित में से एक का उत्तर दें: 8 अंक

  1. Linux में फाइल अनुमतियों की प्रणाली का वर्णन करें।
                            या
  2. लॉजिक गेट्स के प्रकार और उनके अनुप्रयोगों को समझाएँ।
                           या
  3. कंप्यूटर का उपयोग शिक्षा और व्यवसाय में कैसे सहायक है, विस्तार से समझाएँ।

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